1. Introduction 2. Brief Overview and History of Biotechnology; GMOs, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Functioning 3. Impact of GMOs on Environment and Ecology 4. GMOs: Impact on Genetic Diversity, Gene Flow, and Evolutionary Challenges 5. GM Crops and Agricultural Biodiversity; Impact on Agro-Ecosystem and Farmland Biodiversity 7. Biodiversity and Non-Target Effects of Transgenic Plants; GM Crops and Insect, Honeybee, Butterflies Biodiversity 8. GM Crops and Microbial Biodiversity; Impact on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 9. GM Animals: Impact on Biodiversity, Ecosystem, and Bioethical Analysis 10. Genetically Engineered Fish: Impact on Biodiversity, Environment, and Aquaculture 11. Genetically Engineered Insects: Ecological Effect and Disease Control 12. Genetically Modified Microbes: Impact on Ecology, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Functioning 13. Gene Editing Technology: Impact on Environment, Ecology, and Biodiversity 14. Engineered Gene Drives: Ecological, Environmental, and Social Impacts 15. Emerging Technologies and Application and Genetic Engineering for Biological Conservation, and Species Rescue from Extinction 16. Conclusion