However much the three great traditions of medicine-- Galenic, Chinese and Ayurvedic--differed from each other, they had one thing in common: scholarship. The foundational knowledge of each could only be acquired by careful study under teachers relying on ancient texts. The ways in which practitioners used these texts varied among historical periods and cultures, providing a rich field for the study of different cultural practices in the legitimation of knowledge. The essays in this volume, contributed by specialists in the history and anthropology of these traditions, range from historical investigations to studies of present-day practices.